Reviewed by , Dr. Jessica DPN, RN, CEN is a registered nurse and educator with 20 years of experience in critical care emergency nursing, specializing in patient care, education, and evidence-based practice. She holds multiple certifications and serves as a Patient Safety Coordinator.

The oral-facial system, which enables us to speak, smile, and chew, includes our teeth and gums. The health of this system is referred to as oral health. Common oral health issues include gum diseases, cavities, and oral cancer. Annual reports indicate that approximately 40% of adults suffer from toothaches, and by the age of 34, about 80% of people have at least one cavity. Every year, billions of dollars are spent on dental care.

Chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes can lead to poor oral health. Additionally, the consumption of tobacco, beverages, and sugary products increases the risk of developing oral diseases.

Oral and dental problems

The following are the warning signs of oral health issues:

If you experience any of these symptoms, you should schedule an appointment with the dentist as soon as possible. These symptoms, especially when accompanied by swelling in the face or neck and a high fever, indicate an oral health emergency.

Causes of oral problems

Plaque is a sticky substance that accumulates near the gumline where bacteria thrive. If not regularly removed through flossing and brushing, it hardens and spreads down the length of the tooth. Unremoved plaque can inflame the gums, leading to gingivitis. As inflammation worsens, the gums start to recede from the teeth, creating pockets where pus can collect. This condition can eventually lead to gum disease known as periodontitis.

The following are the factors that often contribute to periodontitis and gingivitis:

Types of oral problems

Cavities (Tooth Decay)

Cavities are caused when the tooth enamel is damaged by the acids produced by the bacteria present in the plaque. The plaque gathers on the chewing surfaces of the teeth and causes damage to the teeth’ outer coating and root surface. Cavities are caused by excessive bacteria in the mouth, poor oral hygiene, over-snacking, and sipping sugary drinks. They are the most common health problems worldwide.

Gum Disease (Gingivitis)

Gum disease is characterized by gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums. It is also caused by plaque build-up due to poor brushing and flossing habits. Brushing and flossing can cause gums to swell and eventually bleed. If this condition is not treated, it can result in more serious conditions.

Periodontitis

Periodontitis is a gum disease that causes damage to the soft tissues and destroys the bone that supports teeth. Eventually, it can lead to tooth loss. The infection often spreads to bones and the jaw and can cause an inflammatory response in the body.

Gum disease (gingivitis)

Gum disease is characterized by gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums. It is also caused by plaque build-up due to poor brushing and flossing habits. Brushing and flossing can cause gums to swell and eventually bleed. If this condition is not treated, it can result in more serious conditions.

Periodontitis

Periodontitis is a gum disease that damages the soft tissues and destroys the bone that supports teeth. Eventually, it can lead to tooth loss. The infection often spreads to bones and the jaw and can cause an inflammatory response in the body.

Cracked or broken teeth

Tooth decay can be caused by the following factors:

A cracked tooth can be very painful. Seek dental care for cracked teeth immediately.

Sensitive teeth

Tooth sensitivity causes pain and discomfort when consuming hot or cold foods. This condition, often called hypersensitivity, can sometimes occur temporarily after a root canal or dental filling. Other causes include:

Some individuals experience sensitivity due to worn enamel, leaving only a thin protective layer. Naturally occurring sensitivity can be managed by adjusting daily oral hygiene practices. Those with sensitive teeth are advised to use specialized toothpastes and mouthwashes.

Oral cancer

Oral cancer is marked by the development of tumors in the oral cavity. It may present as a persistent growth or sore in the mouth that does not heal. Oral cancer can affect various parts of the oral-facial system, including:

Dentists play a crucial role in diagnosing oral cancer. The use of tobacco, whether chewing or smoking, is the leading risk factor for this disease. Each year, approximately 50,000 people in the USA are diagnosed with oral cancer.

References

Test your knowledge

Question 1. According to the article, what percentage of adults suffer from toothaches?
  • Approximately 30%
  • Approximately 40%
  • Approximately 50%
  • Approximately 60%
Question 2. By what age do approximately 80% of people have at least one cavity?
  • By age 25
  • By age 34
  • By age 45
  • By age 55
Question 3. Approximately how many people in the USA are diagnosed with oral cancer each year?
  • Approximately 30,000
  • Approximately 50,000
  • Approximately 70,000
  • Approximately 100,000
Question 4. What is the sticky substance that accumulates near the gumline where bacteria thrive?
  • Tartar
  • Plaque
  • Biofilm
  • Calculus
Question 5. Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the gums due to plaque buildup?
  • Periodontitis
  • Gingivitis
  • Cavities
  • Oral cancer

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How we reviewed this article

Our experts continually monitor the medical science space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current version
Jul 29, 2024

Copy edited by:

Copy editors
Jul 24, 2024

Reviewed by:

Dr. Jessica DPN, RN, CEN
Dr. Jessica DPN, RN, CEN is a registered nurse and educator with 20 years of experience in critical care emergency nursing, specializing in patient care, education, and evidence-based practice. She holds multiple certifications and serves as a Patient Safety Coordinator.